DIGESTION

The Body Needs the Nutrients in Food to Grow .Maintain Its Structure, And Provide Energy, But the Food until It Is Processed by the Digestive System. This Essentially A Long Tube, Running From  Mouth To Annus.As Food Passes A Long  The Digestive System It Is Chewed, And Crushed, And Then Broken Down Chemically By Enzymes, As It Passes Along The Small Intestine, Food Resembles A Thin Soup, And Simple Food Molecules Can Be Absorbed Into The Body Itself By Way Of The Bloodstream.

          Swallowing 

Once Food Is Chewed, The Tongue Pushes The Ball Of Food, Or Bolus, To The Back Of The Mouth. As It Touches The Throat, The Bolus Triggers A Reflex Action And Passes Into The Oesophagus. A Flap Called The Epiglottis Closes The Entrance To The Trachea To Stop Food Entering The Lungs.

      Peristalsis

Rhythmic Contraction of the Muscles in the Wall of the Oesophagus Squeeze Food Down To The Stomach. This Wave Like Movement Is Called Peristalsis, It Also Occurs In The Small Intestine.

       Digestive Process 

        

        The digestive process has four stages

1)    Ingestion

Ingestion is the process by which food is taken into the alimentary canal.  It includes the processes that take place while the food is in the mouth, such as chewing and grinding using the teeth, the lubrication and chemical effects of saliva released from the salivary glands, and swallowing of the food - which sends it onwards down the digestive tract.

2)   Digestion

Digestion is the process by which ingested (food) material is broken down in the earlier stages of the alimentary canal into a form that can then be absorbed and assimilated into the tissues of the body.Digestion includes two types of processes -

• Mechanical (e.g. chewing, grinding, churning, mixing), and

• Chemical (e.g. action of digestive enzymes, bile, acids, etc.).

The mechanical processes include the chewing and grinding of food by the teeth and also the churning and mixing of the contents of the stomach.Chemical processes that contribute to digestion also begin in the mouth with action of saliva on food. However, most of the chemical digestive processes occur in the stomach and small intestine - where the partly-digested materials are subjected to gastric juices, pancreatic juice, success entericus and so on

3)   Absorption

  Absorption is the uptake of fluids or other substances by the tissues of the body.
Digested "food"  is absorbed into the bodily fluids blood and lymph from the alimentary canal. Most of the absorption part of the digestive process occurs in the jejunum and the ileum of the small, though alcohol is readily absorbed through the stomach. The small intestine is lined with minute finger-like processes (called "villi", a single example being a "villus"), that greatly increase its surface area, and hence the rate at which absorption can take place.Assimilation is the process by which components/chemicals from food (incl. liquid refreshments such as milk drinks, fruit juices etc.) are taken into the cells of the body - after the food/beverage has been digested and absorbed.

  4) Egestion

Elimination is the final stage of this 4-stage summary of digestion. In physiology more generally the term "elimination" can apply to the entire process of excretion of metabolic waste products, incl. from the blood via the kidneys and urinary tract.

    Food and Enzymes

   Enzymes Are Biological Catalyst That Speed Up The Conversion Of One Substance Into Another. Digestive Enzymes Are Speed Up the Breakdown of the Complex Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins That Make Up Most of Our Food.

       William Beaumont 

William Beaumont was a surgeon in the U.S. Army who became known as the "Father of Gastric Physiology" following his research on human digestion.

SUBMARINES

SUBMARINES

The Ability To Stay Hidden Deep Under The Waves Makes The Submarine A Powerful And Effective Warship. To Travel Under Water, A Sub Marine Needs A Strong Hull To Resist High Water Pressure, And Engines For Both  Surface And Under Water Use .Sub Marines Were Used Effectively As Deadly Weapons For The First Time In World War 1.Today,There Are Two Main Types Of Military Submarines In Operation. A Patrol Submarine searches for and attacks  enemy vessels.A missile submarine carries long range Nuclear missiles.

 Anatomy of sub marine 

In The 1950s, The U.S. Navy Developed Two Distinct Types Of Submarine To Take Advantage Of The New Capabilities Of Nuclear Power: Fast Attacks And Boomers. The Navy Officially Designated Fast Attacks As SSN, For Submarine (Nuclear Propulsion). The Official Designation For Boomer Is SSBN, For Ballistic Missile Submarine (Nuclear Propulsion). Boomers Are Also Known As Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarines

 Despite significant differences, fast attacks and boomers have many basic features in common. All submarines must enclose much more of their machinery and equipment within their hulls than surface ships. That is why they are so cramped. A submarine has only about one-third the living space per person that a destroyer of the same tonnage has. 

 Sub merisibles

  Civil Submarines Are Called Submerisibles.They Are Smaller Than Military Submarines And Are Used For The Carrying Our Specialized Tasks Deep Underwater, From Maintaining  Ocean Pipe Lines To Carrying Our Salvage Operations, Or Marine Research.Submerisibles Normally Dive For Only Few Hours. 

 Diving and Surfacing

 A Submarine Or A Ship Can Float Because The Weight Of Water That It Displaces Is Equal To The­ Weight Of The Ship. This Displacement Of Water Creates An Upward Force Called The Buoyant Force And Acts Opposite To Gravity, Which Would Pull The Ship Down. Unlike A Ship, A Submarine Can Control Its Buoyancy, Thus Allowing It To Sink And Surface At Will.To Control Its Buoyancy, The Submarine Has Ballast Tanks And Auxiliary, Or Trim Tanks That Can Be Alternately Filled With Water Or Air (. When The Submarine Is On The Surface, The Ballast Tanks Are Filled With Air And The Submarine's Overall Density Is Less Than That Of The Surrounding Water. As The Submarine Dives, The Ballast Tanks Are Flooded With Water And The Air In The Ballast Tanks Is Vented From The Submarine Until Its Overall Density Is Greater Than The Surrounding Water And The Submarine Begins To Sink (Negative Buoyancy). A Supply Of Compressed Air Is Maintained Aboard The Submarine In Air Flasks For Life Support And For Use With The Ballast Tanks. In Addition, The Submarine Has Movable Sets Of Short "Wings" Called Hydroplanes On The Stern (Back) That Help To Control The Angle Of The Dive. The Hydroplanes Are Angled So That Water Moves Over The Stern, Which Forces The Stern Upward; Therefore, The Submarine Is Angled Downward.

 Nuclear Submarines

        The Most Powerful Submarines Are Those That Carry Nuclear Missiles, And Are Driven By Nuclear Engines. Each Missile Can Destroy Large City, Killing Thousands Of People .Nuclear Engines Allow A Submarine To Stay Submerged For Much Longer Than Other Submarines, Which Have To Return To The Surface To Recharge Their Batteries.

     ELEMENTS

An element is asubstance composed of only one type of atom.Elements are the most basic substances in the universe and cannot be split into anything simpler.There are 109 elements ,91 of which occur naturally ,ans 18 of which can be made artificially.All life on earth is based on the element carbon, which is vital to functioning of living cells.Oxygen is the most plentifull element on Earth.It occur in water, Air and even rocks.

       Groups of Elements

      Just as the members of a human family share the same characteristics,ther are ''families'' of elements that have similar properties.An elements chemical properties are determined by the structure of its attoms. Elements in same group have similar atomic structures.

 Alkali metals

The alkali metals make up Group 1 of the table, and comprise lithium (Li) through francium (Fr). These elements have very similar behavior and characteristics. Hydrogen is Group 1, but it exhibits few characteristics of a metal and is often categorized with the nonmetals.

      Alkaline earth metals

The alkaline earth metals make up Group 2 of the periodic table, from beryllium (Be) through radium (Ra). The alkaline earth metals have very high melting points and oxides that have basic alkaline solutions.

      Lanthanides

The lanthanides comprise elements 57 — lanthanum (La), hence the name of the set — through 71, lutetium (Lu). They, along with the actinides, are often called "the f-elements" because they have valence electrons in the f shell.

      Actinides

The actinides comprise elements 89, actinium (Ac), through 103, lawrencium (Lr). They, along with the lanthanides, are often called "the f-elements" because they have valence electrons in the f shell. Only thorium (Th) and uranium (U) occur naturally with significant abundance. They are all radioactive.

      Transition metals

The transition elements are metals that have a partially filled d subshell and comprise Groups 3 through 12 and the lanthanides and actinides.

      Post-transition metals 

The post-transition elements are aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), Tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi). As the name implies, these elements have some of the characteristics of the transition metals, but they tend to be softer and conduct more poorly than the transition metals.

      Metalloid

The metalloids are boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po). They sometimes behave as semiconductors (B, Si, Ge) rather than as conductors. Metalloids are also called "semi-metals" or "poor metals."

      Nonmetals

The term "nonmetals" is used to classify Hydrogen(H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O), sulfur (S) and selenium (Se).Halogens 

The halogen elements are a subset of the nonmetals. They comprise Group 17 of the periodic table, from fluorine (F) through astatine (At). They are generally very chemically reactive and are present in the environment as compounds rather than as pure elements.

      Noble gases

 The inert, or noble, gases comprise Group 18. They are generally very stable chemically and exhibit similar properties of being colorless and odorless.

       Artificial Elements 

New elements can be created by bombarding existing elements with high-speed subatomic particles in a device is called a partivle accelerator.since 1937, scientists have made 18 new elements,some of which only exist for a few millions of second.

       Elements in nature

Only a few of the naturally ocurring elements can be found in their pure state.Most elements combine ,or react,with other elements to form more complex substance called compounds.pure gold can be mined directly from the ground because it is unreactive, that is it does not readily form compounds.

orange color are the natural elements

       Dmitry Mendeleev
          

 Dmitry Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He formulated the Periodic Law, created his own version of the periodic table ofelements, and used it to correct the properties of some already discovered elements and also to predict the properties of eight elements yet to be discovered.

     GENETICS

Each person is unique,but he or she also inherits some characteristics and even appearence from his or her parents.The study of how chrecteriswtics are passed on from parents to off spring is known as Genetics.and it affects all forms of life .At the centre of the process is the deoxiribonucleic acid(DNA) molecules,which exist inside every living celland contains  a complex chemical ''Code" that controls the way in which life forms are put together and operate.DNA,in turn,makes up chromosomes. all of these microscopic structures live in the nuclei of cells.

       CHROMOSOMES

A chromo some is a thread-like structure found in the nucleus of a cell.Chromosome storen DNA and carry DNA molecules when a cell reproduces by dividing.Most human cells  contain 46 chromosomes, divided into 23 pairs;23 chromosomes are derived from the each of the parents.

      GENES

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.

        Geno type and phenotype                                                                                          The Genotype is the overall genetic blue print for an organism.The Phenotype is what an organism actually looks like ,baced on genotype and environment.

           Alleles

        Each gene has two or more forms called Alleles.They control the same                                               characteristics  but different versions for it.

      

            DNA

 Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions  used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

 Franklin,Watson and Crick

 The discovery of the DNA molecules was a collaborative  effort.Ronald Franklin (1920-58) completed ground work,which was consolidated in 1953 by Francise Crick,James Watson and Maurice Wilkins,and they shared 1962 nobel price. 

      

     SATELLITES

CIRCLING THE EARTH,High above our heads,Satellites are messengers and observers in the Sky.they relay telephone calls,Watch and Weather,guide ships and aircraft,and carry out tasks that are Impossible on the ground.they travel 10 to 30 times faster than airliner.A satellite's speed prevent it from falling to the Earth and throws it outward.The inward pull of gravity balances this outward force and traps the satellite in an endless path around the Earth. 

A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star. For example, Earth is asatellite because it orbits the sun. Likewise, the moon is a satellite because it orbits Earth. Usually, the word "satellite" refers to a machine that is launched into space and moves around Earth or another body in space.

         Anatomy of Satellites

      Satellites have 6 basic parts:
1.  Satellite housing-  The shape of the housing (outside container) of the satellite depends upon the
     system employed to keep the satellite within the orbit at a stabalized altitude.  If the satellite has a
     three-axis stabilization system, its housing will be rectangular with solar panels protruding from two
     opposite sides.  If the satellite has a spin stabilization system, the housing will be cylindrical.  The
     solar cells will be mounted on the surface of the cylinder.  The antenna will be connected on the body
     by a rotating bearing to keep it pointed in a fixed direction.
2.  Power System-  Satellites must have a continuous source of electrical power.  The two most common
     power sources are high performance batteries and solar cells.  Solar cells are lightweight, resilient, and
     their efficiencies have been improving over the years.  There is one large problem with solar panels.
     Twice a year geosynchronous orbit will go into a series of eclipses where the sun is screened by the  earth.      To solve this problem, batteries are used as supplemental on-board energy sources.
3.  Antenna System- has two jobs:
    a.  Receive and transmit telecommunications signals
    b.  Provide tracking, telemetry, and command functions which maintain the satellite's operation in   orbit.4.  Command and Control System-  The "brain" of the satellite.  It monitors the satellite to ensure   that all vital operating parameters are working.  It receives the data from the earth station, interprets the commands, and relays the processed information to earth.
5.  Station keeping-  To ensure that the satellite stays in its orbit, this system employs the controlled
     ejection of hydrazine gas from thruster nozzles.  The useful life of a satellite is over when its several
     hundred pounds supply of hydrazine gas is depleted.  (Average life span=10 years)
6.  Transponders-  Electronic mechanisms that amplify the frequency of an uplink signal for   retransmission to earth.   

       Orbits 

There are many different satellite orbits that can be used. The ones that receive the most attention are the geostationary orbit used as they are stationary above a particular point on the Earth.The orbit that is chosen for a satellite depends upon its application. Those used for direct broadcast television for example use a Geostationary orbit. Many communications satellites similarly use a geostationary orbit. Other satellite systems such as those used for satellite phones may use Low Earth orbiting systems. Similarly satellite systems used for navigation like Navstar or Global Positioning (GPS) system occupy a relatively low Earth orbit. There are also many other types of satellite from weather satellites to research satellites and many others. Each will have its own type of orbit depending upon its application.
The actual satellite orbit that is chosen will depend on factors including its function, and the area it is to serve. In some instances the satellite orbit may be as low as 100 miles (160 km) for a Low Earth Orbit LEO, whereas others may be over 22 000 miles (36000 km) high as in the case of a GEostationary Orbit GEO. The satellite may even have an elliptical rather than a circular orbit.

   Satellite Timeline

Throughout history satellites have moved from having no special capabilities to being able to explore other worlds. This has led to new technologies, to improve and better our society because of the discoveries, The outline of all the things that have occurred are listed below. Beginning from the first launched and going all the way to the more modern ones.

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1950' S

On October 4, 1957 Sputnik 1 was launched, it was the first man made object to orbit the earth. It was named Sputnik Zemli or traveling companion of the world by the Soviet Union. Soon after on January 31, 1958 the US launched its first satellite called Explorer 1. Over the next few years many improvements were made in satellite technology.

October 4,1957 Sputnik 1 launched- USSR

November 3,1957 Sputnik 2 launched- USSR

January 31, 1958 Explorer 1 launched- USA

March 5,1958 Explorer 2 launched- USA

March 17,1958 Vanguard 1 launched

May 15,1958 Sputnik 3 launched- USSR

October 11,1958 Pioneer 1 launched- USA

January 2,1959 Luna 1 launched- USA

March 3,1959 Pioneer 4 launched- USA

September 12,1959 Luna 2 launched- USSR

October 4,1959 Luna 3 launched- USSR

1960' S

During the 1960's improvements in satellites continued. The first men were launched for both the US in Mercury Freedom 7 and for the USSR in Vostrok 1. Great developments continued in space such as exploring other planets and sending signals across the ocean.

April 1,1960 Trios 1 weather satellite launched- US

August 18,1960 Discovery XIV spy satellite launched- US

April 1,1961 Vostrok 1 carrying first man in space- USSR

May 5,1961 Mercury Freedom 7 first US man in space- US

August 6,1961 Vostrok 2 first 5 day flight- USSR

July 10,1962 Telstar 1 completed first transatlantic telecast- US

December 16, 1962 Mariner 2 flies past Venus into solar orbit- US

July 31,1964 Ranger 7 takes first close range photos of moon- US

March 24,1965 Ranger 9 transmits first live moon photos- US

July 14,1965 Mariner 4 returns first close range images of Mars- US

November 16,1965 Venus 3 first craft to impact Venus- USSR

February 3,1966 Luna 9 first to soft land on the moon- USSR

March, 1966 Surveyor 1 first US soft land on moon- US

August 14, 1966 Lunar Orbiter 1 returns first pictures of earth- US

September 15, 1968 Zoned 5 orbits moon and returns- USSR

July 31, 1969 Mariner 6 returns images of Martian surface equatorial region

August 5, 1969 Mariner 7 returns images of Martian surface southern hemisphere

1970' S

The study of other planets through the use of satellites continued and they were used more often to map the other planets in our solar system. The satellites were used mainly to find out the conditions on the other planets and to try to find life on other planets mainly, Venus and Mars.

September 12,1970 Luna 16 returns lunar oil samples- USSR

November 17,1970 Luna 17 first automatic robot on moon travels 11 days- USSR

December 15,1970 Venera 7 first to soft land on Venus- USSR

May 30, 1971 Mariner 9 first mars survey from orbit- US

November 13, 1971 Mariner 9 maps 100% of Martian surface

March 2, 1972 Pioneer 10 designed to familiarize alien life with humans, returns close ups of Jupiter 1973- US

April 5, 1973 Pioneer 11 discovers new rings around Saturn- US

November 3, 1973 Mariner 10 returns photos of Venus and Mercury- US

May 17, 1974 SMS-1 Synchronous Meteorological Satellite- US

October, 1975 Venera 9 and 10 return photos of Venus and mercury surface- USSR

July 20,1976 Viking 1 pictures of Martian surface- US

September 3, 1976 Viking 2 lands on Mars plain of Utopia discovers water frost

August- September 1977 Voyagers 1 and 2 leave earth for Jupiter and Saturn

1980'S

Throughout the 1980's the exploration of our galaxy continued and stretched into the belief of their being others planets like earth. Numerous photos continued being returned and the technology pushed satellites into new dimensions.

June 19, 1981 third Ariane rocket launched by the European Space Agency

December 20, 1981 fourth arien rocket launched by ESA

October 10, 1983 Venera 15 returns first photos of Venus polar region- USSR

January- November, 1983 Inferred Astronomical satellite discovers new comets, asteroids, galaxies and a dusting around the star vega that may be new planets

December, 1984 Vega 1 and 2 launched, drops probes into Venus's atmosphere- Soviet/ international

January 8, 1985 Skigate launched by Japan's institute space and aeronautical science first to rendezvous with Haley's comet

July 2, 1985 Giotto launched by ESA from an Ariane rocket, encounters both Haley's comet and comet P/Grigs-Skjellerup

July 12, 1989 Phobous 2 orbits Mars studying atmosphere and magnetic field- Soviet/ international

October 18, 1989 Galileo launched from shuttle Atlantis took pictures of Venus and asteroid Ida then continues to Jupiter- US

1990'S

So far through the 1990's satellites continue being improved. Yet space ships seem to be improving faster and taking over what these satellites have accomplished so far.

August, 1990 Magellan arrives at Venus and takes radar images of the surface- US

February 8, 1992 Ulysses flies around Jupiter and heads towards the sun

January 24, 1994 Clemintine performs lunar mapping mission- US

October 12, 1994 NASA launches first in a series of discovery series of spacecraft the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous [NEAR] space craft aboard a Delta 11-7925-8 rocket

Over the last 40 years satellites have come a long way. The changes in technology have brought new ideas on what can be accomplished in future space exploration. The future still looks great for satellite function and exploration.

 Konstanin Tsiolkovskill

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935)was a Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic theory, of Russianand Polish descent. Along with his followers, the German Hermann Oberth and the American Robert H. Goddard, he is considered to be one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics. His works later inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers such as Sergei Korolev and Valentin Glushko and contributed to the success of the soviet space program.

Galaxies

A hundred billion galaxies exist in the universe.each consist of a vast collection of stars,gas and Dusts.They started Life Thousand years ago,slowly forming into distinctive shapes.Each galaxy can contain billion of stars.gravity keep the stars together and keeps the galaxies in the Cluster.

Types of galaxies

There are three main types of galaxies: Elliptical, Spiral, and Irregular. Two of these three types are further divided and classified into a system that is now known the  tuning fork diagram. When Hubble first created this diagram, he believed that this was an evolutionary sequence as well as a classification

                                      (1)Eliptical
                                      (2)Spiral (2.1)Barred Spiral
                                      (3)Irregular 

Active Galaxies
Active galaxies are galaxies which have a small core of emission embedded in an otherwise typical galaxy. This core may be highly variable and very bright compared to the rest of the galaxy. Models of active galaxies concentrate on the possibility of a supermassive black hole which lies at the center of the galaxy.

Milky Way

The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System. Its name "milky" is derived from its appearance as a dim glowing band arching across the night sky whose individual stars cannot be distinguished by the naked eye.

Galaxy clusters
A galaxy cluster or cluster of galaxies is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies bound together by gravity.

                                                   Edwin Hubble

Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one of the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century. Hubble is known for showing that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the earth, implying the universe is expanding,^]known as "Hubble's law" although this relation had been discovered previously by Georges Lemaître, who published his work in a less visible journal.

       

which city will host the 30th india Carpet Expo 2015?
    Ans:Varanasi

Fort william was situated at which place?

    Ans:Calcutta

What is the most popular sport in Goa?

    Ans:Football

Indias first Road Runway after succesful landing of IAFMirage 2000 jet?

    Ans:Yamuna Expressway

The headquarters of NABARD is situated at?

    Ans:Mumbai

Kargil Vijay Diwas is celebrated on:

  Ans:July 26

The First nuclear reactor of india is named?

   Ans:Apsara

Manikaran is a pilgrim site is locatwed in which place?

   Ans:Himachal Pradesh

The First Industry to develop in India was the?

   Ans:Cottage Industry

In India gene bank of wheat is located at ?

   Ans:Karnal

The Largest river deltta of India is of:

   Ans:Ganga

Indias first satellite is named after?

  Ans:Aryabhatta

The 25th state in India is

  Ans:Goa

An Education minister who got Bharath Eatna in india?

  Ans:Abdul Kalam Azad

In which country did the game of chess first appear?

   Ans:India